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Issue #71
71cover.jpgInformation and Communication Technology (ICT) is transforming the way people interact around the world - it has created new networks across cultures, countries and continents, and altered the workings of the global world economy.

There are numerous benefits to women's ICT usage. New technologies offer the possibility to engage in social, political and culture change, access and distribute information world wide and network with anyone around the globe. That said, it is important to note that the benefits to ICT's are not (yet) available to the large marjority of the worlds population. Women (and men) living in the developing world, and African countries in particular, are still largely excluded from the digital revolution.

In this journal, writers focus on investigating the gender digital devide, which stems from women's and mens unequal access to and use of new technologies. Our society is increasingly devided into the 'techno rich' vs the 'techno poor' - those who have access to the infrastructure and education necessary to use ICT's productively and those who, for economic, educational and cultural reasons, are excluded from the benefits of ICT's.


Editorial | Print |
Written by Kristin Palitza   
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Taking a byte of technology: Women and ICTs | Print |
Written by Janine Moolman, Natasha Primo and Sally-Jean Shackleton   

This issue of Agenda focuses on the intersections between gender and Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). As an organisation working precisely at this intersection, Women'sNet is privileged to be associated with the publication of this important issue of the journal. We argue that, as feminists and women's rights activists, it is imperative that we engage with ICTs - from the level of policy and regulation to content development - to ensure that women benefit from the ICT revolution.

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Millennium Development Goals: Challenges and opportunities for using ICTs to promote gender equality | Print |
Written by Elizabeth Kiondo   

abstract

This article examines how Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) can be used effectively to empower African women, promote gender equality and help achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). It argues that lack of gender analysis and inadequate understanding of social cultural contexts inevitably leads to differential impacts and benefits accruing from development processes between men and women. The author notes that, although ICT has been hailed as a powerful tool for empowering women, there are several challenges that exclude women from effective access to and use of ICT. She concludes that there is need to create an enabling environment for the promotion of gender equality and socially deconstructing ICTs to make them sensitive to the needs of women.
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Nepali women and ICT – An identity crisis | Print |
Written by Shikha Shresta   

abstract

This reportback is a synopsis of the recommendations presented at a workshop entitled ‘Women in ICT: In Search of an Identity', which was attended by more than 30 female Information Communication Technology (ICT) professionals as well as a number of gender-aware, male ICT professionals in Kathmandu, Nepal, in December 2006. The outcomes of the workshop suggest that governments and civil society working in the area of Information and Communication Technology for development (ICT4D) should collaborate strategically to bridge the gender digital divide. It was recommended that the Nepali government should play a key role in promoting women's ICT leadership as well as their access to financial resources. At the same time, workshop participants proposed that civil society should play a critical role in promoting gender-sensitive ICT4D awareness and advocating for woman-friendly ICT environments.
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ICTs – closing or expanding the gender digital divide? | Print |
Written by Kristin Palitza   

Agenda editor Kristin Palitza spoke to three African women who are professionally involved in the Information Communication Technology (ICT) sector and passionate about helping women to gain access to new technologies. Robynne Erwin from South Africa, Jane Godia from Kenya and Goretti Amuriat from Uganda discussed via teleconference the successes, challenges and barriers to gendering ICTs throughout the continent.

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Rural women’s ICT use in Uganda: Collective action for development | Print |
Written by Carol Dralega   

abstract

This focus interrogates a gender-oriented Information Communication Technology (ICT) strategy that adopts a collective approach to enhance ICT use among rural women. It focuses on the Ugandan, rural-based Nakaseke Women's Development Association (NAWODA) as a case study and examines the use of a CD-ROM project aimed at economically empowering rural women. The interpretations of the findings indicate that, while women's collective activism, as a reaction to socio-economic and cultural domination, has yielded some economic empowerment, further interpretation of the community of practice suggests manifold shortfalls, notably a rise of a new, regressive and disempowering divide among the members of this community.
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Reflections on a collaborative experience: Using ICT in a trans-cultural women’s health module | Print |
Written by Y Yusuf-Khalil, V Bozalek, K Staking, R Tuval-Mashiach and G Bantebya-Kyomuhendo   

abstract

This briefing describes an Information Communication Technology (ICT) project in which academics from five geographically dispersed tertiary institutions collaborated in the design and implementation of an online teaching module on women's health and well-being. The module used the transformative possibilities offered by ICT to enable students from a variety of geographic and cultural contexts to collectively explore the concepts of women's health and well-being. This briefing examines how this web-based module enabled the authors to bring students from South Africa, Uganda, Jamaica and Israel together in an online learning environment and outlines the role of ICT in designing the module as a collaborative learning space. The experiences of participating academics and students, particularly those within the African context, are presented.

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Engendering ICT policies: Practices from Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe | Print |
Written by Patience Zirima   

abstract

This focus assesses Information Communication Technology (ICT) policies in southern African countries, namely Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe. It examines whether countries have ICT policies in place, whether these address gender realities in the region and what actions have been taken since policies have been implemented. The author argues that having an ICT policy within any given country is essential to improving access to ICTs by disadvantaged groups. The paper shows that gendered ICT policies will go a long way in reducing inequalities between the sexes and also between Africa and the rest of the world. It offers an analysis of how these policies improve women's access to ICTs within various sectors, such as commerce, agriculture, education, governance, health and tourism. The focus argues, however, that it is not enough to look at ICT policy in isolation but important to consider what mechanisms governments have put into place to ensure that women have access to and make effective use of ICTs. 

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Challenges to women’s empowerment through ICTs: the case of Makerere University | Print |
Written by Aramanzan Madanda, Consolata Kabonesa and Grace Bantebya-Kyomuhendo   

abstract

Access to and use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) is believed to hold a promise for women's empowerment and social change (Isaacs, 2002; Hawkins, 2002; Aloo, 1995). In higher education, computer technology and the internet have enormous benefits including: access to cutting edge educational materials, flexible distance learning suitable to time-constrained women, enhancement of academic outcomes, promotion of self-esteem and attainment of marketable skills. This profile examines challenges of using ICTs in higher education for women's empowerment through training and access to physical facilities. It is based on an empirical study conducted in the 2005/6 academic year at Makerere University in Uganda. The results indicate that enrolment of women in ICT courses has risen from about 15% to 40% by the end of 2006, and there is increased use of internet, email, networking and research. However, there are challenges of empowering women through access to ICTs. Obstacles largely emanate from patriarchal, institutionalised work and programmatic ethics, limited physical ICT facilities as well as individual characteristics, perceptions and attitudes. We conclude that skills and physical access alone are insufficient to bring about women's empowerment. 
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Do ICTs really empower rural women? Interrogation of a Zimbabwean community ICT project | Print |
Written by Margaret Zunguze   

abstract

This profile focuses on the work of E-Knowledge for Women in Southern Africa (EKOWISA), a Zimbabwean non-governmental organisation that encourages communities to use Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) for livelihood development. The paper interrogates the assumption that ICTs empower women, the meaning of empowerment as well as the particular challenges to ICT access in rural areas (Marcelle, 2000) based on EKOWISA's Community ICT project. 

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Imagining Ourselves: Global Voices from a New Generation of Women | Print |
Written by Nidhi Tandon   

Harvard graduate student Paula Goldman stumbled across an idea one morning - to send an internet question out to the world: ‘What defines your generation of women?' The idea gathered pace. Out of some 3,000 responses, the international editorial team picked 105 submissions from women living in 57 countries, including some well-known activists, artists, athletes, writers, musicians, photographers and community organisers.

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Silences stifling transformation: Misogyny and gender-based violence in the media | Print |
Written by Denise Buiten   

Introduction

Feminist researchers and writers have long been concerned with the role of the media in constructing or challenging current states of gender relations. A number of recent, gendered South African media studies have been applied to critique the low representation of women in all areas of the news media. These studies have also critiqued the existence of blatant as well as subtle gender stereotypes in the South African news media (Louw Morna, 2005).

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Black women, are you aware that you are concubines? The legal implications of SA Family Law | Print |
Written by Kathleen Nthabiseng Monareng   

Introduction

South Africa has a history of discrimination against the majority of its people. This changed in 1994 when South Africa's Constitution became the supreme law of the country. The Constitution aims to protect the rights, dignity and equality of all citizens (Government of South Africa, 1996). Section 7 states:
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Fighting male supremacy in a church context | Print |
Written by Isabel Sparrow   

Introduction

This paper discusses the experiences of eight non-ordained women in a parish of the Church of the Province of Southern Africa (CPSA), situated in the Cape Town Diocese of South Africa. The aim of this study is twofold: firstly, to discuss the ways in which patriarchy affects the interviewed participants of the non-ordained ministry and, secondly, to describe the journey of the Tamar/gender desk1, which strives to gender-sensitise the church.



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Reality bites (of) Indian women in South Africa – an opinion piece | Print |
Written by Esha Brijmohan   

I am a free woman who has broken the chains that Indian society has placed on women for centuries. I savour the sweet taste of freedom that many of my friends and family yearn for. I am 21 years old, and already I'm an independent career woman, and my father and brothers treat me with the dignity and respect I deserve. But sadly, some Indian women are trapped into submissiveness, and their struggle to break free continues. 

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