Women's steady increased participation in the paid labour force over the last 50 years has been a mixed blessing. On the one hand, in a culture that puts such a high premium on earning ability, consumerism, and economic independence, the ability to earn income affords working women more respect and choices than ever before. Women's general entrance into the labour market has broken down many of the barriers between men and women: it is more common to see women and men as equals at work, and for both men and women to share the work of caring for children.

On the other hand, the increase in women's labour participation means that more women work the "double day" and raise expectations that all women can and should work. For the first time in history, most childless women can earn enough on their own to support themselves without the help of a father or a husband. However, because women's wages are, on average, still lower than men's, they usually cannot support themselves and others without another adult's income. It now typically takes two adult workers to support children.

 But with everybody working, who's supposed to care for children and other relatives that need our care? Neither business nor government has accommodated the social revolution in women's economic roles by reducing the work week or providing day care for workers or child subsidies for all families, regardless of their structure. Instead, families, businesses, and government continue to depend on women's unpaid labour.

 At the same time, both businesses and the government have used the expectation that women will work for wages to squeeze more work for less pay out of families. Businesses rely on that expectation to keep both men's and women's wages down. Men's falling wages, after adjusting for inflation, have been made up by family members--typically women --working more hours. But when women enter the labour force to balance men's lost wages, this action accommodates the lower wages. Ironically, the corporate structure has absorbed many of women's new-found gains, resulting in a new family wage system in which two adult earners are the standard. The result is an acute family speed-up; families must work harder to stay in the same place. To be sure, the previous system of the single male breadwinner had its problems, but it at least afforded certain numbers of men and women the time to take care of their families.

 Meanwhile, politicians have exploited the expectation that women will join the paid labour force, using it to justify slashing government aid to poor single mothers. Since there already are not enough jobs for everyone, the idea that all single mothers should and can find jobs is hardly realistic. Nonetheless, the new rules of the game either reduce single mothers' government-provided compensation for the work of caring for their children, or require them to perform additional work or both. Because other mothers, especially those in low-income families, have to do paid work to support their families, it has made them resent the poorest of mothers who receive direct aid, fuelling government cuts in welfare.

For working women neither the job structure nor the government provides much support for the time-consuming and important work of caring for families. The bottom line is that women are expected to work, but their labour-market opportunities remain severely limited. Caring for children and other family members imposes a steep cost in time and money. The gender gap in wages continues to yawn. And in the sputtering economy, unemployment and a shortage of good jobs still haunts many job seekers--and will do so for the foreseeable future. These labour market hurdles loom large for all women, but they loom largest of all for single mothers.

Source: http://www.electriprint.com/

Abesimame basenokunqindeka kwezabasebenzi

 Ukungena kwabesimame embonini yezabasebenzi kuleminyaka engamashumi amahlanu edlule kubonakala kuya ngokwenyuka. Ukuba namandla ngokwezomnotho kwabesimame kubanikeza inkululeko yokuzimela kanye nenhlonipho yokukwazi ukuzikhethela abakufunayo.   Abesimame kwezemisebenzi sebevuleke amathuba cishe kuyona yonke imikhakha njengoba sekuvamile ukuti babonakala besemazingeni afanayo ezindaweni zokusebenzela.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi ukwanda kwesibalo sabesimame kwezokusebenzela kubanikeza umthwalo ophindwe kabili njengoba belindeleke ukuti basebenze kubaqashi bese bephinda besebenza nasemakhaya uma sebebuyile ntambama.   Lokhu kubeka incindezi kubona njengoba abezamabhizinisi kanye nohulumeni bengakaqhamuki naluhlelo olubhekela abesimame ekutheni kuphunguke ngandlela thize umsebenzi obabhekile.  

Ukusebenza kwabesimame kususa umsebenzi nomthwalo obulokhu uhlezi emahlombe abesilisa ngaphambilini.  Kodwa ke abesimame abasebenzayo izinhlaka zokusebenza kanye nohulumeni akubanikezi ukwesekwa okwenele ekutheni bakwazi ukuthola isikhathi sokubhekana nemindeni yabo. Abesimame balindeleke ukuthi basebenze kodwa akukho ukwesekwa okwenele ngokwezomsebenzi.  Ukunakekelwa kwezingane kanye namanye amalunga omndeni baphinde bacindezele abesimame ngomthwalo wangokwezimali kanye nesikhathi.   Libonakala liqhubeka negebe ekuholelweni kwabesimame ngendlela engafani neyabesilisa. 

Sibonga abakwa : http://www.electriprint.com/ ngaloludaba

Amathuba abaseTyhini kwezemisebenzi asanqongophele

Intatho - nxaxheba yabaseTyhini kwimisebenzi ehlawulayo kule minyaka ingama50 yedluleyo ithatyathwe ngendlela ezahlukeneyo. Kweliye icala, kwinkcubeko egxininisa ekukwazini ukwenza ingeniso, ukuthenga kwanenkululeko kwezoqoqosho, ukukwazi ukwenza ingeniso kunika abaseTyhini  abasebenzayo imbeko ebafaneleyo nokukwazi ukuzikhethela kunakuqala. Ukungena kwabaseTyhini kwimisebenzi kophule imiqobo ebiphakathi kwabo namadoda: sekuqhelekile ukubona abaseTyhini namadoda belingana emisebenzini, bekwabelana nangomsebenzi wokukhathalela abantwana. 

Kwelinye icala, ukukhula kwentatho - nxaxheba kwabaseTyhini emisebenzini kuthetha ukuba, uninzi lwabaseTyhini basebenza ngokuphinda - phindeneyo ngosuku, nokukwenyusa amathemba okuba bonke abaseTyhini bangasebenza yaye kufanelekile ukuba basebenze. Okokuqala kwimbali, uninzi lwabaseTyhini ebangenabantwana bangenza inzuzo eyaneleyo ngokwabo ukuze bazikhathalele, ngaphandle kokufumana uncedo kooyise nakubayeni. Nangona kunjalo kuba imivuzo yabaseTyhini isengaphantsi komlinganiselo, nangaphantsi kweyamadoda, badla ngokungakwazi ukuzixhasa ngokwezezimali ngaphandle kokuncediswa yingeniso yomntu omdala. Ngoku kuthabatha imivuzo yabantu ababini abadala, abasebenzanyo ukondla abantwana.  

Kodwa xa wonke umntu esebenza, ngubani ofanele ukukhathalela abantwana nezinye izalamene ezifuna uncedo? Abezoshishino norhulumente abakhange bazilungiselele ezi nguqu zichaphezela indima  yabaseTyhini kwezoqoqosho, ngokunciphisa iveki yokusebenza kungenjalo ukwenza iindawo zokungcina abantwana babasebenzi kungenjalo bakhuphe izibonelelo zabantwana kuzo zonke iintsapho, ngaphandle kobume bazo. Ukusuka apho iintsapho, ezoshishino kwanorhulumente basaqhuba ngokuxhomekeka kumsebenzi wabaseTyhini ongahlawulelwayo.

Ngaxesha linye urhulumente nabezoshishini basebenzise imeko yokuba, abaseTyhini bazakusebenzela imivuzo ephantsi ukuze bakwazi ukusebenzela iintsapho zabo nalapho bangafumani ntlawulo itheni. Abezoshishino baxhomekeke apho ukuze baqhube ukuhlawula abaseTyhini namadoda imivuzo ephantsi. Imivuzo yamadoda eyehla ngenxa yokwehla kwamandla emali, incedwa ngamalungu osapho ingakumbi abaseTyhini abasebenza iiyure ezingaphezulu.

Kodwa, xa abaseTyhini bengena kwezemisebenzi ukulinganisa imivuzo yamadoda elahlakileyo, esi senzo silungiselela imivuzo ephantsi. Ukanti imo yeenkampani ithe yazuza kulwazi lwabaseTyhini, nethe yakhokelela kwinkqubo entsha yemivuzo yeentsapho, nalapho abantu abadala, ababini bekumgangatho ophantsi. Le meko idala ukuba, iintsapho zisebenze nzima ukuze zihlale zisemgangathweni. Inkqubo yakuqala yokusebenza kwamadoda kuphela ibe nezayo iingxaki, kodwa ibikwazi ukunika amadoda nabaseTyhini ithuba lokukhathalela iintsapho zabo.

 Lo gama abezopolitiko bexhaphaze ithuba lokungenelela kwabaseTyhini emisebenzini, besebenzisa le meko ukugxeka inkxaso karhulumente kubazalikazi abangatshatanga. Kuba kungekho misebenzi yaneleyo yakhe wonke umntu, uluvo lokuba abazalikazi abangatshatanga bafanelwe kukusebenza, yaye kufanelekile ukuba basebenze aluyiyo inyaniso. Nangona kunjalo, le mithetho mitsha icutha ithuba lentlawulo labazalikazi evela kurhulumente ngendima abayidlalayo ngokukhulisa abantwana. Kuba abanye abazalikazi, ingakumbi abo bakwiintsapho ezinengeniso ephantsi befanelwe kukwenza umsebenzi ohlawulelwayo ukondla iintsapho zabo, le meko yenze ukuba babe ngabona bazalikazi basokolayo nabafumana uncedo, neyenza ukuba urhulumente ayiqhawule inkxaso yezentlalontle.

KwabaseTyhini abasebenzayo, ubume bemisebenzi karhulumente nabo abuwuxhasi umsebenzi obalulekileyo nothabatha ixesha owenziwa ngabeseTyhini, wokukhathalela iintsapho zabo. Ukukhathalela abantwana namanye amalungu osapho kudla ixesha nemali. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba abaseTyhini bajongeke ukuba basebenze, kodwa amathuba abo emisebenzi asanqongophele. Umsantsa ngokwesini kwimivuzo useyingxaki. Kule meko yezoqoqosho, ukungasebenzi nokunqongophala kwemisebenzi eyiyo kuyabathwaxa abasafuna imisebenzi, yaye kusezakuba njalo nangomso. Le miqobo ibathwaxa kakhulu abaseTyhini, ingakumbi abazalikazi abangatshatanga.

Umthombo wendaba: http://www.electriprint.com/

Menyetla eo basadi ba nang le yona mesebetsing e sa fokola

Ho nyoloha ha palo ya basadi ba sebetsang mesebetsi e putswang dilemong tse 50 tse fetileng e thulane le maikutlo a kopa-kopaneng.  Lehlakoreng le leng, nakong ena eo ho bewang bohlokwa bo boholo tjheleteng eo motho a e etsang mosebetsing, tshebedisong ya yona, le ho ikemela ho tsa tjhelete, bokgoni ba ho fumana tjhelete bo fa basadi ba sebetsang tlhompho e kgolo le boikgethelo bo fetang pele.  Ho kena ha basadi mesebetsing ho diile mafika a neng a ba arohanya le banna: ho se ho tlwaelehile ho bona basadi le banna basebetsa ka ho tshwana mosebetsing, ba bile ba thusana ho hlokomela bana.

Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho ata ha basadi mosebetsing ho bolela hore basadi ba sebetsa habedi ka letsatsi, mme ba tsosa ditebello tsa hore basadi bohle ba ka kgona ho sebetsa, hape ba tlamehile.  Ke kgetlo la pele nalaneng, bongata ba basadi ba nang bana ba iketsetsa tjhelete e lekaneng ho ikemela ba le bang ntle le thuso ya bo ntata bana kapo banna ba bona.  Le ha ho le jwalo, hobane moputso wa mosadi ka tekanyetso o ntse o le tlase ho wa monna, hangata ha a kgone ho ikemela ntle le thuso ya tjhelete ya motho e mong.  Mehleng ena ho se ho nka batho ba babedi ba sebetsang ho hodisa bana.

Empa ha bohle ba sebetsa, ke mang ya tla hlokomala bana le ba leloko ha ba hloka thuso? Kgoromente le borakgwebo ha ba ya lokisetsa phetoho ena ya basadi ba sebetsang ka ho fokotsa matsatsi a tshebetso kapo ho ba batlela batho ba tla hlokomela bana motsheare ha ba le mosebetsing kapo ho ba tsheetsa ka tjhelete le malapa a bona.  Empa malapa, dikgwebo le kgoromente ba ntse ba tswelapele ka ho itshetleha mosebetsing wa basadi o sa putsweng.

Hape, borakgwebo le kgoromente ba sebedisitse tebello ya hore basadi ba sebeletsa tjhelete e nyane, mme ba ikimetsa ka mosebetsi ho fepa malapa a bona.  Borakgwebo ba itshetlehile tebellong tsena ho boloka meputso ya banna le basadi e le tlase.  Ho fokola ha meputso ya banna e theolwang ke kgatello ya ranta (inflation), e tlatselletswa ke ba leloko - ka tlwaelo basadi - ba sebetsang dihora tse ekeditsweng.  Empa ha basadi ba mesebetsing hore ba tlatselletse meputso ya banna e lahlehileng, ketso ena e kwala sekgeo sa meputso e fokolang.  Ho makatsang ke hore sebopeho sa dikgwebo tse ngata se amohela meputso ena e metjha ya basadi, mme sena se tswala mofuta o motjha wa tefo ka lapeng, moo batho ba babedi ka lapeng ba sebetsang ka ho lekana.  Ditlamorao tsa sena ke hore lelapa le hatelleha ho sebetsa ka thata ho feta pele hore le tle le dule le le maemong ana.  Bonneteng, tsela ya kgale moo monna e neng e le yena fela ya sebeletsang lelapa e ne e na le mathata a yona, empa bonnyane e ne e fa palo e itseng ya banna le basadi nako ya ho hlokomela malapa a bona.

Boradipolotiki ba lebelletse basadi ho kena mesebetsing e putsang. Ba sebedisa sena e le lebaka la ho bona ho lokile kgaola tsheetso ya kgoromente basading ba hodisang bana ba le bang.  Ka ha ha ho mesebetsi e lekaneng batho bohle, taba ya hore bomme bohle ba hodisang bana ba le bang ba lokela ho batla ba o fumane, ha e na kelello.  Melao ena e metjha e fokotsa tsheetso kgoromente ho bomme bana, kapo e batla sebetse kapo ba hodise bana hape ba sebetse.  Hobane bomme ba bang, haholo ba malapa a nang le tjhelete e nyane, ba tlameha ho sebetsa mesebetsi e putsang ho fepa malapa a bona, ba hloile bomme ba itlhophereng ba fumanang thuso ya kgoromente, mme ba beselletsa qeto ya kgoromente ya ho fokotsa tsheetso ya setjhaba.

Basading ba sebetsang sebopeho sa mosebetsi kapo kgoromente ha se ba fe tsheetso ka nako eo ba e qetang ba sebetsa le ka mosebetsi wa bohlokwa wa ho hlokomela malapa a bona.  Hantle-ntle basadi ba lebelletswe ho sebetsa, empa menyetla ya hore ba fumane mesebetsi e ya fokola.  Ho hlokomela bana le ba leloko ho ba ja nako le tjhelete. Sekgeo se meputsong ho ya ka bong se ntse se hola. Hape maemo a hlobaetsang a moruo, leqeme la mesebetsi le ho fokola ha mesebetsi e metle ho ngongorehisa bohle ba ntseng ba batla mesebetsi, mme ho tla dula ho le tjena nako e telele.  Mathata ana a mosebetsi a hatella basadi ba bangata, haholo-holo bomme ba hodisang bana ba le bang.

Mohlodi: http://www.electriprint.com/